Редактирование: Guide to Atmospherics (раздел)

=Atmospherics 201: Gaseous Synthesis, Machinery, Further Theory, and Optimization=

==The Gases and Their Functions==
Let's start with some theory about the gases. Below are the different gases that can be found in-game.

Quick note: The endothermic and exothermic descriptions in these gaseous reactions are measured with respect to enthalpy. Heat capacity can change, and this means that there might be cases where you have an exothermic reaction but the temperature is actually falling. Experiment!

'''Gaseous Export:''' Gas canisters can be exported through cargo in exchange for money. They are however, subject to elasticity and will give diminishing returns for each mole exported. Gases will roughly fall to half their credits per mole value at around the 2100 moles mark, quartering at 4201 moles, and becoming one tenth of their original base export price at 6978 moles. This diminishing returns are tracked individually per canister.


===[[File:O2_Canister.png]]O<sub>2</sub>===
Our first base gas is Oxygen. All humans, pets, and lizard-people need more than 16 kPa of oxygen in the air or internals to breathe. Any less and the creature starts to suffocate.

It is required to oxidize fires. The specifics of each fire reaction will be detailed down below.

Oxygen is an invisible gas. To detect it, use your [[PDA]] or a wall mounted [[Air Alarm]]. Oxygen [[canister]]s are marked in blue. [[Emergency Oxygen Tank]]s, filled with about 300 kPa, spawn in your emergency [[Internals Box]]. Larger [[Oxygen Tank]]s are in [[Emergency Locker]]s all across ship, which start with about 600 kPa.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 0.2 credits


===[[File:N2_Canister.png]]N<sub>2</sub>===
Our second base gas is Nitrogen. Not particularly more heat absorbent than any other gas. However, it cannot burn at all, which may slow down fires simply by taking up space. It can reduce the heat penalty on the SM, which will keep temperatures down.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 0.1 credits


===[[File:Air_Canister.png]]Air===
A 1:4 gasmix of O2 and N2 (20% O2, 80% N2). The station is filled with this.

Air in SS13 can be seen, strangely enough, as a 'watered down'-O<sub>2</sub>, with N<sub>2</sub> being the water. Optimal atmospheric pressure for humans is 101.3 kPa. Due to the minimum of 16 kPa of O<sub>2</sub>, the pressure of 101.3 kPa cannot be changed too much without the situation becoming excessively lethal. Under 16 % oxygen? You start dying. Under 90 kPa due to fire from a while ago? You start dying. Be mindful of this.


===[[File:CO2_Canister.png]]CO<sub>2</sub>===
The third gas available for atmosians from the start of a shift: Carbon Dioxide. What the fuck is Carbon Dioxide!?  It's an invisible, heavy gas. It chokes people effectively and quickly, and if you can be bothered to set the alarms up, will result in a invisible room that kills those in it. Takes some setup and can be very, very annoying. Causes people to ''gasp'' at low levels. It is also often used to beef up the power generation of the Supermatter Crystal.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 0.2 credits


===[[File:Plasma_Canister.png]][[Plasma]]===
Our fourth and the most infamous of the base gases: Plasma, a.k.a. Toxins. Plasma is purple, toxic, and flammable. When ignited in an oxygenated room it will produce fires.

Plasmafires use oxygen and plasma to produce heat and waste gas. Energy released from plasmafires depends on the burn rate for plasma. The plasma burn rate itself depends on the composition of the air and the temperature of the burn. Optimal composition for maximum burn rate is 10x more O2 than Plasma, with the air temperature exceeding the upper limit of 1643.15 Kelvins. Oxygen is burned at 0.4x the rate of plasma at temperatures above the upper limit. More oxygen (up to 1.4x the plasma burn rate) will be consumed for lower air temperatures.

The aforementioned waste gas of plasmafires are either solely tritium on oxygenated plasmafires (more detail on the tritium section below) or water vapor and CO2 on a 3 CO<sub>2</sub> : 1 H<sub>2</sub>O ratio on non-oxygenated plasmafires.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 1.5 credits

<!-- Not too much more to say, but you're welcome to codebrowse for the variables I've indicated with x, y and similar. Hawk. -->
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===[[File:N2O_Canister.png]]N<sub>2</sub>O===
The final base gas available in the atmos tanks: Nitrous Oxide, a.k.a. Sleeping Agent. A white-flecked gas.

Makes you laugh at low doses and at higher ones puts you to sleep. If using this as a sleep gas mix '''do not forget''' to mix in at least 16 kPa of O<sub>2</sub>, or you will suffocate someone. This decomposes into Nitrogen and Oxygen at temperatures at or over 1400K, creating Nitrogen equal to the amount of N2O used, and half that amount in Oxygen.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 1.5 credits


===[[File:Tritium.png]]Tritium===
Radioactive, flammable gas that is used in plenty of chemical reactions. Created by heating loadsa O<sub>2</sub> with Plasma.  Emits radiation when combusted in the air, as well as pipes and canisters. Might not want to put this into any engine unless you plan to set it on fire.

Tritium is created in fires that are super saturated, i.e. fires where there are 96 more units of oxygen than plasma. One popular ratio used by many Atmosians is 97 O<sub>2</sub> : 3 Plasma, this wont hit the super saturation threshold from the get go, but given time the oxygen input will overflow the oxygen burn rate, resulting in a net positive oxygen gain in the chamber and eventually hitting the threshold. This oxygen accumulation continues over time, and therefore it is a good idea to lower the oxygen ratio in the burn mix over time. It is recommended to bump up the plasma ratio to 50% after ignition, as that will allow more plasma to get put in and burned, while maintaining composition.

Important to remember is that tritium will likely be very hot when exiting the chamber, opening possibilites of cracked canisters and eventually toasted incinerators. Prepare accordingly! It is also worthy to note that tritium when allowed to react with oxygen will burn up into water vapor. Due to the chamber having a lot of oxygen, it is often a good idea to add a second scrubber to prevent too many tritium from being lost. Keep this in mind when attempting to get sizable amounts of it.

Tritium can burn very quickly when exposed to lots of oxygen, and can release enough energy to melt the hull in a short amount of time.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 2.5 credits


===[[File:Water_vapor.png]]Water Vapor===
Pure H<sub>2</sub>O. Keep away from the [[Clown]] - this slips people and even freezes tiles when released at low temperatures.

The [[Janitor]] starts with a tank in his closet; created as a waste product on tritium fires and unsaturated plasma fires.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 0.5 credits


===[[File:Hydrogen_canister.png]]H<sub>2</sub>===

Hydrogen is a flammable gas which when ignited burns similarly to tritium. It is also an integral part of fusion reactions. Hydrogen is made by electrolizing Water Vapor with an electrolyzer machine.  

Hydrogen is solidified in the Crystallizer with BZ as catalyst at high heat and pressure (around or above 10,000K) to produce metal hydrogen [[File:Metal_hydrogen_sheet.png]], which can be used to make Elder Atmosian armor, a fireaxe [[File:Metal_hydrogen_fireaxe.png]], and [[Golem#Metal_Hydrogen|golems]]. 

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 1 credits


===[[File:BZ_canister.png]]BZ===
BZ gas is a potent hallucinogenic that also puts slimes into stasis and degenerates changeling chemicals. When the partial pressure is over 10, those breathing it will have a 33% chance per tick to get 3 brain damage, up to a maximum of 150. BZ sees frequent use as an ingredient/catalyst in many gas reactions.

BZ is formed in an exothermic reaction when at least ten moles of each N<sub>2</sub>O and Plasma are combined at low pressures. The optimal pressure for this is 0.1 atmosphere, or about 10 kPa. Efficiency might be higher if you get it even lower somehow, though. Plasma is consumed at 2x the rate of N<sub>2</sub>O.

If mixed in a tank with oxygen, it can be used for internals, to [[Chaplain|encourage spiritual development]]. Breathing it also produces [[Guide_to_chemistry#BZ_Metabolites|BZ Metabolites]].

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 1.5 credits

===[[File:Pluoxium.png]]Pluoxium===

A non-reactive Oxygen substitute that delivers eight times as much O2 to the bloodstream, with as little 3 kPa minimum pressure required for internals!

Pluoxium may be created by exposing O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> and Tritium together in an exothermic reaction between 50 K and 273 K. This reaction creates a minimal amount of H<sub>2</sub> (1% of Pluoxium created) as a byproduct. The consumption ratio for this reaction is 100 O<sub>2</sub> : 50 CO<sub>2</sub> : 1 Tritium. Furthermore, Pluoxium is also created by the Supermatter, when Oxygen and CO<sub>2</sub> are present. Oxygen is created by the Supermatter itself when it's running, with the quantity of this production based on various other factors. Adding some CO<sub>2</sub> to the Supermatter can be an easy way to produce Pluoxium!

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 2.5 credits


===[[File:Miasma_canister.png]]Miasma===
Miasma (bad air) is created from [[Guide_to_hydroponics#Corpse_Flower|bloomed Corpse Flowers]]. Miasma smells bad and can cause [[Infections#Advanced_Diseases|diseases]] to spontaneously appear. The higher concentration of miasma in the air, the higher level [[Infections#Symptoms_Table|symptoms]] can appear. Sterilized into oxygen in a slightly exothermic reaction at 170 degrees Celcius. Presence of water vapor in quantities higher than 0.1 moles prevents this from happening. This reaction has the lowest priority out of all reaction in the game. It is otherwise absolutely inert in terms of atmos reactions.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 1 credits

=== [[File:Nitryl_no2.png]]Nitrium ===
Nitrium (a combination of the old gasses Nitryl and Stimulum) is a gaseous stimulant that when inhaled can enhance speed and endurance. At low concentrations Nitrium will increase your top running speed while healthy and unimpaired. At slightly higher concentrations breathing Nitrium will form Nitrosyl plasmide in the bloodstream, providing immunity to sleeps. This is in addition to the speed boost. Damage slowdown from stamina damage (stun batons!) will still slow you even with the stun immunity. At high concentrations breathing it will damage a person's lungs. 

Nitrium is made by combining a minimum of 20 moles Tritium, 10 moles Nitrogen and 5 moles BZ in a (slightly) endothermic reaction above 1500K. The consumption ratio for the reaction is 20 N<sub>2</sub> : 20 Trit : 1 BZ. Higher heat improves the rate of reaction. Also formed in high quantities by fusion.

Nitrium decomposes exothermically when in contact with Oxygen under 343.15 K, splitting into a 1:1 mix of Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Meaning you will have to experiment to find a way to breathe Nitrium and not suffocate while doing so if you wish for ultimate power.

Breathing Nitrium in high concentrations will quickly cause lung failure, make sure that Nitrium makes up a minority of your tank.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 6 credits


===[[File:Freon_canister.png]]Freon===

On temperature lower than 0°C (273.15 K) Freon will create an endothermic reaction with O<sub>2</sub>, meaning it will absorb heat from the atmosphere, down to a minimum close to 50K. Adding Proto-Nitrate will catalyse the reaction so that it may begin at temperatures up to 310 kelvin, which is above room temperature. This reaction produces CO<sub>2</sub> and if the temperature is between 120-160K the reaction has a small chance to also produce solid sheets of [[#Hot_Ice|hot ice]] [[File:Hot_ice.gif]]. <br> Breathing Freon causes burn damage. <br>

Freon is made by combining a minimum of 0.6 mol of Plasma, 0.3 mol of CO2 and 0.1 BZ, with reaction speed depending on temperature, as depicted in the graph below. The reaction is endothermic. The consumption ratio for the reaction is 6 Plasma : 3 CO<sub>2</sub> : 1 BZ, forming 10 moles of Freon. Unless you're able to push the reaction into high temperatures, it is best to try and maintain a temperature of 800K. The energy consumed by the reaction also scales up as temperature increases, so it may be harder to maintain a high temperature than one might expect.

[[File:Freon graph.png|frameless|800x800px]]

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 5 credits

====[[File:Hot_ice.gif]]Hot Ice====

Hot ice is a solid byproduct of the cooled Freon+O<sub>2</sub> reaction at 120-160K. Can be sold to cargo at a high price. It holds a great amount of power inside. Can be ground to produce 25 units of [[Guide_to_chemistry#Hot_Ice_Slush|Hot Ice Slush]]. <br>

If hit with a welder or burned the hot ice will melt, releasing the power stored inside. This releases large amounts of hot plasma into the air. (''Moles of plasma released = 150 '''x''' number of sheets'') and (''Heat released = 20 '''x''' number of sheets '''+''' 300K'').



=== [[File:Hypernoblium canister.png]]Hyper-Noblium ===
Extremely inert, Hyper-Noblium stops other gases from reacting. (Specifically, it stops reactions when >5 moles and temp > 20 K)

Can be created when Nitrogen is combined with Tritium at extremely low temperatures (below 15 K). Reaction produces significant energy (exothermic) and BZ works to reduce the energy released, expect to have your temperature spike if you don't use BZ, the energy released is potent enough to be used for explosives! 10 mol of Nitrogen is used per mol of Hyper-noblium synthesised, and you also need at least this much to have the reaction occur. 5 mol of Tritium is the minimum required to have the reaction occur, and is the amount used when no BZ is present. However, the amount of Tritium used scales with the ratio of Tritium to BZ, all the way down to 0.005 mol used in a ratio of 1:1000 Tritium:BZ. In short: keep your BZ high and your Tritium low if you want to make a lot of this stuff!

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 2.5 credits

===[[File:Proto_nitrate_canister.png]]Proto-Nitrate===

Proto-Nitrate is a highly reactive gas, but non-toxic when breathed. It is created in an exothermic reaction when Pluoxium is exposed to H<sub>2</sub> at temperatures between 5000-10000 K. Hydrogen is consumed at around 10x the rate of Pluoxium.

* When between temperatures of 260-280k, Proto-nitrate reacts with BZ to produce radiation, Nitrogen, Helium, and Plasma, as well as causing localized hallucinations, releasing radiation, including extremely high energy nuclear particles in an exothermic reaction.
* When between temperatures of 150-340k, Proto-nitrate reacts with tritium to produce H<sub>2</sub> and radiation in an exothermic reaction. 
* Proto-Nitrate reacts with at least 150 moles of H<sub>2</sub> to create more Proto-Nitrate in an endothermic reaction.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 2.5 credits


===[[File:Halon_canister.png]]Halon===

Halon acts as a fire suppressant by removing oxygen in the air (while producing CO<sub>2</sub>) in an endothermic reaction if the air temperature is above 100 C or 373.15 K. The oxygen suppression rate is 20 O2 : 1 Halon. It is created in a slightly exothermic reaction between CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O in turfs with an active electrolyzer on them, below 230K, and at low pressure. 2 moles of CO<sub>2</sub> are used and 1 mol of N<sub>2</sub>O is used. 

<b> Export price per mol: </b> 4 credits


===[[File:Healium_canister.png]]Healium===

Healium (not to be confused with actual Helium) is a red gas which acts as a stronger sleeping agent than N<sub>2</sub>O, while healing burns, bruises, suffocation and toxin damage. 

It is created by exposing Freon to BZ in an exothermic reaction at temperatures between 25-300 Kelvin (keep it chill). Freon is consumed at around 11x the rate of BZ; a little bit of BZ will very quickly transform all of your Freon into Healium if you're not careful.

<b>Export price per mol:</b> 5.5 credits


===[[File:Cyrion_b_canister.png]]Zauker===

Zauker is an incredibly deadly gas if inhaled. It is made by mixing Hyper-Noblium and Nitrium in an endothermic reaction at temperatures between 50000-75000 K. Nitrium is consumed at around 50x the rate of Hyper-Noblium. It is worthy to note that Hyper-Noblium stops reactions when it is present in quantities above 5 moles, prepare accordingly!

Zauker also decomposes exothermically into a 30/70 O<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> mix when exposed to Nitrogen.

<b> Export price per mol: </b> 7 credits


===[[File:Helium canister.png]]Helium===
Helium is an invisible, inert gas. It has minor use within the Crystallizer to make a Crystal Cell, but otherwise is functionally useless. Sell it to cargo!

Helium is produced as a common byproduct of fusion in the Hyper-torus Fusion Reactor, or from a Proto-Nitrate/BZ reaction.

<b> Export price per mol:</b> 3.5 credits

===[[File:Antinoblium_Canister.png]]Anti-Noblium===

Anti-Noblium is a rare gas used in high level Crystallizer recipes and as high tier fuel for the Hyper-torus Fusion Reactor. Outside of those uses, it doesn't do all that much. It does look pretty when in the air though!

Anti-Noblium can be made within the Hyper-torus Fusion Reactor when using Hyper-Noblium as the primary fuel with either Hydrogen or Tritium as the secondary fuel. It can also be created with [[#Hyper-Noblium]] in turfs with an active electrolyzer at under 150 kelvin, with a rate of 0.5 moles of Anti-Noblium per 1 mole of Hyper-Noblium.

<b> Export price per mol:</b> 10 credits

==Physical Characteristics of Gases ==
TL;DR
Gas flows from high pressure areas, to low pressure areas. Gas uses up more room when hot, less room when cold.

Ideal gas law: '''''PV = nRT'''''

Where '''R (ideal, or universal, gas constant) = 8.31''',  the following are linked by this equation. 

{{anchor|Pressure}}
'''Pressure (P)''': Measured in kPa, [[wikipedia:Pascal_(unit)|kiloPascals]], Pressure is lethal above 750 kPa's. A pressure in a room above 1000 kPa's necessitates internals to breathe properly.
<!-- We don't have a pressure cap on breathing air in general, just minimum O2. ~Scottzar -->


'''Volume (V)''': Another unseen variable, [[wikipedia:Volume|Volume]] is how much the area/canister/tank or piped tank has space inside it. This helps dictate how much gas it can hold. Volume is essentially the 'mole divider' when converting between a canister/air pump to your tank; having a higher volume essentially makes the tank that much more efficient, proportionally, so an Extended Emergency Oxygen Tank has twice the contained air per kPa in comparison to a regular Emergency Oxygen Tank.


{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
!Item
!Volume
|-
|[[File:AirTank.png]] Emergency Oxygen Tank
| style="text-align:right;" |3
|-
|[[File:Extended Emergency Oxygen Tank.png]] Extended Emergency Oxygen Tank
| style="text-align:right;" |6
|-
|[[File:Extended Emergency Oxygen Tank.png]] Double Emergency Oxygen Tank
| style="text-align:right;" |10
|-
|[[File:OxygenTank.png]] Oxygen Tank (blue/red)
| style="text-align:right;" |70
|-
|[[File:Plasma tank.png]] Plasma Tank
| style="text-align:right;" |70
|-
|[[File:Atmospheric_Pipe.png]] All pipes
| style="text-align:right;" |70
|-
|[[File:Gaspipe.png]] Pipe manifold
| style="text-align:right;" |105
|-
|[[File:Locker.png]] Locker
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:Coffin.png]] Coffin
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:ppump.png]] Gas Pump (each side)
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:vpump.png]] Volumpe Pump (each side)
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:passpump.png]] Passive Gate (each side)
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:heat_exchanger.png]] Heat Exchanger
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:atmos_filter.png]] Gas Filter
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:vent.png]] Vent
| style="text-align:right;" | 200
|-
|[[File:scrub.png]] Scrubber
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:manifold.png]] Layer Manifold
| style="text-align:right;" |200
|-
|[[File:PortableScrubber.png]] Portable Scrubber
| style="text-align:right;" |750
|-
|[[File:PortablePump.png]] Portable Pump
| style="text-align:right;" |1 000
|-
|[[File:Canister.png]] Gas Canister
| style="text-align:right;" |1 000
|-
|[[File:Wire_1_1.PNG]] Tile / turf (any area)
| style="text-align:right;" |2 500
|-
|[[File:Pressure Tank.png]] Pressure Tank
| style="text-align:right;" |2 500
|-
|[[File:Huge Scrubber.png]] Huge scrubber
| style="text-align:right;" |50 000
|}


'''Moles (n)''': [[wikipedia:Mole_(unit)|Moles]] are the amount of particles of a gas in the air. It is moles that cause odd effects with a certain chemical. As it dumps so many moles to a tile, to keep the pressure acceptable, the moles have to be very, very cold, causing the infectious effect. Moles can be calculated by a form of the ideal gas law. n=(P*V)/(R*T)

'''Temperature (T)''': Measures in K, [[wikipedia:Kelvin|Kelvin]], Temperature above 360 K and below 260 K causes burn damage to humans. Canisters rupture when the air surrounding them is over 1550 K.

{{anchor|Heat Capacity}}
'''Heat Capacity''': A gasmix has heat capacity, and it is calculated by taking into account the quantity of all of the gases in the air and their specific heat. Heat capacity defines how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of a gas. The normal air mix (%30 O2, %70 N2) has a specific heat capacity of about 20 which doesn't impede heat transfer very much. Fires spreads quicker in gases with low heat capacity, and slower in gases with high heat capacity. 

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
!Gas
!Specific heat capacity (molar)
|-
|O2
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |20
|-
|N2
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |20
|-
|CO2
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" | 30
|-
|N2O
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |40
|-
|Plasma
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |200
|-
|Tritium
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |10
|-
| Water Vapor
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |40
|-
|Hydrogen
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |15
|-
|BZ
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |20
|-
|Pluoxium
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" | 80
|-
|Miasma
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |20
|-
|Nitrium
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |10
|-
|Freon
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |600
|-
|Hypernoblium
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |2000
|-
|Proto-Nitrate
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" | 30
|-
|Halon
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |175
|-
|Healium
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |10
|-
|Zauker
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |350
|-
| Helium
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" |15
|-
| Antinoblium
| style="width: fit-content; text-align:right;" | 1
|}

'''Fire''': An effect caused by the ignition of plasma, tritium, and hydrogen in an oxygenated room. It causes massive burn damage, and raises the temperature of the room.

'''In short the colder the gas and the higher the container volume, the more moles you can fit inside.''' This is why hot gases clog the red waste pipes - they expand, allowing fewer moles to be transported.

==Breathability==
<b>Do note that breathing is based on pressure and not moles!</b> Moles breathed has no bearing on suffocation, only on gas consumption.

Humans need 16 kPa of O2 to survive. When not breathing through internals this 16 kPa is supplied by the environment, with a normal 21-79 mix of 101 kPa O2-N2 
supplying 21 kPa of Oxygen to the lungs.

For internals this means that you are going to need a minimum of <b>16 kPa</b> release pressure on the tank (adjusted by clicking the tank while in hand). Unpure mixes will require a higher release pressure to be breathable!

===Consumption===
The consumption rate for gas is dictated by the moles breathed in, all oxygen intake will be consumed and turned into carbon dioxide. Lungs are considered to be 2 Litres. Mole consumption works as follows:
*For most scenarios this is equal to 2/2500th of the environment gas. 
*For internals this is further modified by the release pressure of the tank, with the breathed gas targeted to reach whatever release pressure set when inside the lungs. You can calculate this by using n = Release Pressure * 2 Litres / (8.31 * Temperature). A higher temperature will mean less gas will be breathed in per tick. <b> This does not mean a longer internal! </b> since the ratio of gas breathed in to the total gas in tank is still the same.

===Temperature===
Creatures start taking damage when the air breathed in is colder than 260 Kelvins or hotter than 360 Kelvins! This is separate from the cold or hot damage taken because a mob is too cold or hot though. There are damage increases in temperatures colder than 200 and 120 Kelvins or temperatures hotter than 400 and 1000 Kelvins. This damage is further multiplied for species such as lizards who take 3/2 times as much cold damage but 2/3rd as much hot damage.

===Notes on optimization===
*Pluoxium is considered to be 8 times as potent as Oxygen for breathing I.E. each kPa of pluoxium counts as 8 kPa. It's possible to run a pluoxium tank with release pressure as low as 2 kPa for a longer lasting internal.
*If external efficiency is important, it's possible for a hotter internal mixture to be made to conserve the amount of moles while still supplying an equal amount of partial pressure to the lungs.

==Thermomachines==
Combined entity of freezer and heaters, thermomachines allow you to influence the temperatures of gases connected to it. Thermomachines heat or cool the gas in their port to the target temperature.

A thermomachine "combines" the gas mixture [[Guide to Atmospherics #Pipeline and Pipenet Theory | actually present inside it]]  with a gas mixture of a set temperature (depending on the user input) and heat capacity (depending on the quality of matter bins present).

==Fusion ==
{{Box
| For a much more in-depth look to the Hypertorus Fusion Reactor, see [[Guide to the Hypertorus Fusion Reactor]].
}}

So you want to operate a fusion reactor? Well, it's about as dangerous as it sounds. On /tg/station, fusion has been redesigned several times and is currently on '''version 7:''' "Hypertorus Fusion Reactor (HFR)"-edition. <br>

In version 7 of fusion, you must build a [[Machines|machine]] called Hypertorus Fusion Reactor.
The HFR is a 3x3 multi machine that needs the proper setup to be built. In most maps you'll find a proper space with outlines on the floor to designate where to put each piece. <br>
[[File:HFR initial area.png]] 
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Click expand to see the how to build the HFR. 
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
First thing first, you need to build the core of the machine. This piece has ONE port that is used for cooling the internal fusion mix, you can rotate the machine simply by using a screwdriver and a wrench (similar to how you rotate a freezer/heater) <br>
[[File:HFR core vertical.png]] [[File:HFR core horizontal.PNG]]<br>
after the core is done, build the 4 corner pieces in the corners of the grid and the 4 ports for fuel, moderator gases, waste and interface. 
The result should be something that looks like this:<br>
[[File:HFR built.PNG]]<br>
finalize it by hitting the interface with a multitool <br>
[[File:HFR initialized.PNG]]<br>
A little piece of paper will show up, it contains tips on how to operate the machine that you won't find here, so read it carefully!
</div>
</div>
<br>
Now that you know how to build it, let's see what all those buttons do by starting from opening the interface.

<br>
[[File:HFR Interface top.PNG]][[File:HFR Interface bottom.PNG]]

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Click expand to see how to operate the HFR Interface. 
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The interface it’s quite big and it has an overwhelming amount of informations but we’ll go through them one by one (you can also scroll to access all infos)

[[File:HFR i switches.PNG]]<br>
Those are the main controls, they control how the machine will behave<br>
-Start Power starts the machine main loop and allow power drain and activates the other controls<br>
-Start cooling starts the machine cooling loop, the one connected to the core<br>
-Start fuel injection starts the fuel injection in the machine which will start the main fusion loop and thus starting the reaction itself<br>

[[File:HFR i gasmixes.PNG]]<br>
This will contain the gas mixture of the fusion gases and the moderator gases

[[File:HFR i parameters.PNG]]<br>
Those are the main parameters of the fusion reactor<br>
-Power level goes from 0 to 600, from it depends the amount of power consumption (from 50 KW at PW 0 to 350 KW (it will be higher in the future)), the volume of the noise the machine makes, the damage the machine will take, the ability to turn off the machine safely (at high power level you can’t), fuel consumption, various other gas reaction/interactions.<br>
-Integrity indicates the integrity of the magnetic containment field inside the machine, if it reaches 0 the machine will explode, is controlled by how many moles of gas are inside the fusion gasmix and their temperature and by other factors.<br>
-Iron content is the amount of iron being produced inside the reactor, at high amounts will actively lower the integrity by damaging the fields, can be lowered by lowering the fusion temperature.<br>
-Energy levels depends on the amount of moles inside, the kind of gas inside and the moderators too will have different impact.<br>
-Heat limiter modifier will change depending on the power level, will limit the amount of heat the fusion can increase/decrease each tick (hotter gases are easier to heat up/cool down)<br>
-Heat output is the main parameter affecting the temperature of the fusion reaction, is limited by the Heat limiter modifier and is affected by many other factors.<br>

[[File:HFR i temperatures.PNG]]<br>
Those will show the gases temperature in real time<br>
The flow of heat is Fusion > Moderator > coolant <br>
(output gas will have either moderator or fusion temperature depending on the source)<br>
If you don’t add a moderator the heat will go directly from the fusion to the coolant, but is much more inefficient.<br>

[[File:HFR i inputs.PNG]]<br>
Those are inputs that the user can change<br>
-Heating Conductor will change the Heat limiter modifier, higher numbers means higher heat transfer. The Heat limiter modifier will affect the Heat Output by increasing/decreasing the maximum range possible; keep it at 100 for normal operations.<br>
-Magnetic Constrictor will actively change the volume inside the fusion reactor, this affect instability and power output. Increasing the number will increase the volume available to the fusion gases, allows higher instability fluctuations and increases the influence of every gas inside the machine (positive and negative influences). Keep at 100 for normal operations.<br>
-Fuel and moderator injection rate will change how much gas will enter the machine this affect consumption, and other gas related interactions<br>
-Current Damper, life saver, will actively increase the instability of the fusion reaction making the reaction endothermic, that can set the heat output to negative cooling down the fusion mix, useful in meltdown situations. Counteracted by iron content.<br>
-Waste remove will start to output helium/antinoblium at a fixed rate from the fusion mix and the gas you set to filter from the moderator mix allowing the user to filter out specific gases from the moderators
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And now let's learn what each gases will do inside the machine
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Click expand to see the HFR gas interaction section. 
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First thing to learn is the fuel: only a mixture of Tritium and Hydrogen will enter the fuel input port, no other gases will go inside (at least for now)

The moderator gases are special gases that have a double function, first they allow proper cooling for the core, second they have interactions with the functioning of the fusion reaction itself, those interactions are:<br>
-for the fusion gasmix:<br>
--Hydrogen = increase the energy of the system and increase the heat modifier<br>
--Tritium = increase the energy of the system and increase the power modifier<br>
--Helium = decrease the energy of the system, increase the heat modifier and increase the radiation modifier<br>
-for the moderator gasmix:<br>
--Nitrogen = increase the energy of the system, decrease the heat modifier and decrease the radiation modifier<br>
--CO2 = increase the energy of the system and increase the power modifier<br>
--N2O = increase the energy of the system and decrease the heat modifier<br>
--Zauker = increase the energy of the system and increase the power modifier<br>
--Antinoblium = vastly increase the energy of the system and vastly increase the radiation modifier<br>
--Hypernoblium = vastly decrease the energy of the system<br>
--H2O = decrease the energy of the system<br>
--NO2 = decrease the energy of the system and increase the power of the system<br>
--Healium = decrease the energy of the system<br>
--Freon = decrease the energy of the system, decrease the power modifier, decrease the heat modifier and decrease the radiation modifier<br>
--Oxygen = decrease the power modifier<br>
--Plasma = increase the power modifier, increase the heat modifier and increase the radiation modifier<br>
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Now you know how to build and operate the HFR - Hypertorus fusion reactor! Many other informations and tips are provided in game in the proper pamphlet after activating the machine, enjoy!

==Crystallizer==
The Crystallizer is a machine that allows gases to be solidified and made into various materials. 

The working principle and gaseous requirements behind the crystallizer is rather simple and explained in the machine itself. You select a recipe, pump gases in using the input (green) port, meet the temperature requirements, and wait for the material to finish crafting. The red port is used for heat control, as it will conduct with the internal mix and influence the temperature. You have a 10% wiggle room for the temperature requirements, but straying too far from the optimal temperature will influence the final quality of the item produced. Quality affects the amount of gas consumed for each product produced, with higher qualities consuming less gas. The optimal temperature for any given recipe is the median between the lower and upper temperature bound. Stay as close as you can to the median value, and you'll be able to save up to 85% of the required gas if you manage to make the highest quality!

It currently supports the production of:

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
!Item
!Properties
|-
| Metallic Hydrogen
| A crafting material used for golems, axes, or the Elder Atmosian armor set.
|-
|Hyper-Noblium Crystal
|A two use potion that can be used to pressure-proof two clothing items, turning them an icy blue color.
|-
|Healium Crystal
|A grenade that can fix a large are of air to more reasonable temperatures. Good for firefighting and freezing temperatures.
|-
|Proto-Nitrate Crystal
|A grenade that can refill a room with nitrogen and oxygen with a 8:3 split respectively.
|-
|Nitrous Oxide Crystal
|A grenade that will release Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas).
|-
|Hot Ice
|A material normally prodouced by freon combustion, also craftable with the Crystallizer. 
When weldered or burnt, it rapidly releases a very hot and dense cloud of plasma gas.
|-
| Ammonia Crystal
|A material with not much use except for exporting. Makes 2 every time it's completed.
|-
|Supermatter Shard
||A smaller version of the extremely dangerous Supermatter Crystal used for power generation.
|-
|Diamond
|A sheet of diamond. Many crafting and manufacturing applications. Used thorough the station.
|-
|Plasma Sheet
|A sheet of plasma. Many crafting, manufacturing, and biological applications. Used thorough the station.
|-
|Crystal Cell
|A non rechargeable cell with a huge power capacity. Rated at 50 MJ.
|-
|Zaukerite
|A material without much use except for bragging rights. Makes 2 every time it's completed.
|-
|Drone Fuel Pellets
|Three separate recipes that create Fuel cells used for drone explorations in Cargo. 
Comes in three qualities denoting the difficulty of gases used.
|-
|Crystal Foam Grenade
|A grenade that functions exactly like the standard Smart Metal Foam grenades that can be found roundstart. 
Extremely simple to make compared to most other recipes.
|-
|Nitrium Crystal
|A grenade that on detonation releases a chemical smoke cloud containing chemical Nitrium and Nitrosyl Plasmide.
|-
|}

==Bluespace Gas Vendor==
This is the hub for gas purchase done by the crew. You only need to pipe your gas in and it will distribute it across vendors available station-wide. You can also set a price per mole for the gases. The gas will be at 20 degrees Celsius and is capped at 1013 kPa when purchased by the crew, do keep this in mind. You can also refill the individual vendors with metal for it to make more tanks.

==After the Work is Done==
This is a section dedicated to various tips and tricks, trivia, and things that you could do in your spare time:
*First and by far most important: make sure pipes don't get broken and if they do, fix them.
*Go around swiping your ID on [[Air Alarm]]s, setting the operating mode to contaminated, and then re-swiping to lock it. You can ask the AI to do this as well, and probably should.
*Fill all the air pumps with air using a volume pump, these work until 9000 kPa compared to the pressure pump's 4500.
# Go to the red lockers, get a hard hat, gas mask and everything else that might be of use. Remember that you need both a fire suit and a hard hat to be resistant to weak fires. One will be useless without the other.
#Go grab the Fire Axe from the wall mount and hide it somewhere so the [[Clown|chucklefucks]] won't get it and go killing. DON'T take it with you and go walking through the hallways trying to look like a badass, you'll be the prime target of any antagonist/griffon who needs an efficient weapon.
*Least importantly, maintain the disposals system. You can generate pipes, but it needs welding and is generally a pain in the ass. You can also make fun slides, though.
* Using H/E pipes in space you can cool things down to a very low temperature very quickly. By making a cross with two off them you can have two on
*Gas pumps are for precise pressure control, volumetric pumps are for really fast pumping, and passive gates are for having 'one way' manual valves.
*Extremely high-temperature gases (like those from a panic siphoned fire) can really clog the waste loop. Could you do something to correct that?
*No one uses the ports outside of the 'refilling' station, but that doesn't mean that functionality can't be added onto them!
*The wall section that looks like the letter 'I' can be dismantled if you need more working space for pipes.
* Don't count out the grated window areas, they can be a great (har har) way to utilize the vacuum of space without an EVA suit.
* Speaking of EVA suits, your engineering buddies can potentially help you with anything you might want to do in space, be it adding or modifying pipes. Watch the hilarity as that incompetent engineer fumbles when setting up a heat exchanger pipe loop!
*The mining station doesn't have air recycling. Very long rounds might make this a problem for any miners working there.
*Any gas at pressure over 1000 kPa will cause you to start suffocating as in a vacuum. You can just use internals, though.
*N2O is invisible at low pressures. If you start giggling, put on your internals to avoid passing out.
*Any gas can displace O2, and less than ''16'' (also useful for optimizing internals) kPa of oxygen starts the Oxyloss. CO2 can be removed with the scrubbers, but to get rid of N2 simply apply some way of removing gas from the air and adding O2. My personal favorite is 2 air pumps, 3 connectors and an Air Filter and a canister: 1 pump draws in, goes through the connection and filters N2 into the canister, and the rest to the other pump, which expels it. Can also be used for N2O which is only sluggishly scrubbed otherwise.
*Pressures above 750 kPa do 10 DPS + 5 DPS for every extra 375 kPa above that mark, rounded off. Space suits completely block it all, but there is no other defense.